Globally, sand and gravel represent the second highest volume of raw material extracted and consumed by mankind, second only to water resources 24, 25. Drivers for these projects are population and economic growth as well as urbanisation. The growing demand for aggregates mainly stems from construction and land reclamation projects. For the year 2018, an analysis of bathymetric maps and the local refilling processes leads to an estimated sand extraction volume of 4.64 \(\pm \) 0.31 Mm \(\)/yr 22, 23. Intensive bathymetric surveys, conducted within the Tien River branch during the dry and wet season 2018, reveal a high magnitude of sand mining activities. ![]() The delta of the Mekong River in Vietnam has been heavily impacted by anthropogenic stresses in recent years, such as upstream dam construction and sand mining within the main and distributary channels, leading to riverbank and coastal erosion.
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